2 + 2 = I'M HURT

THE MATHEMATICS OF A COLLISION INJURY

The characters and events portrayed in this book are ficƟƟous. Any similarity to real persons, living or dead, is coincidental and not intended by the author.

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ISBN: 979-8-9888428-4-2 ISBN: 979-8-9888428-2-8

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FOREWARD Hi everybody, it's John Michael Bailey again. And this book, which is entitled 2+2 = I’M HURT , is the follow up to my very first book, OLD CARS & ROOTBEER. In my first book, I took you through a little personal history of mine about why I became interested in cars and how they were put together. And the difference between the way cars were made when I was young and the way they're made today and how that affects the human body in a collision. So, in this book, that's what we're going to talk about. Now I have a couple of citations which I will put here for how I'm arriving at some of these things. I know that everyone is going to be wondering where in the world I got my figures and how I got my calculations so let me spill the tea right here at the start. All the information that I am using about force and calculation is available if you know where to look for it and if you know that force of impact can have a devastating impact on your life. The average person that we see in our office is more concerned with family and children and getting by than they are figuring out the calculations of the collision that just upended their lives. I have practiced law for going on 45 years now and I have never had one client who enjoyed the process of having an injury claim. One of the many reasons I am writing this book is for the people we see in our office and for everyone else who must struggle through the process of seeking justice from the insurance industry too. Here in this book, you will find examples of all the common types of collisions we see and the injuries that are caused by the force of the collisions that are transferred to you, the human beings who are in the car that is hit. So often the insurance adjusters forget that the people we represent are humans and simply tend to think of them as numbers. But back to the numbers of the calculations, here are the sources that I used and if you have any further interest in figuring out the force of your own collision, please use the information below.

hƩps://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/impact-force-calculator.php Georgiev G.Z., "Impact Force Calculator" , [online] Available at: https://www.gigacalculator.com/calculators/impact-force-calculator.php

This formula and the calculator take four different values and use them in determining the amount of force in Meganewtons that strike the other vehicle and thus the occupants inside. Let me give you an overview of how it works, starting with the four values used in the calculations. The four values are: MASS , which I have calculated in pounds. I use the Gross Vehicle Weight Rating (GVWR) to determine the pounds of the car doing the colliding. I get that value by simply googling the type of vehicle and putting in the GVSR behind the vehicle type. So, my google search for this book looked like this: F-350 Super Duty GVWR .

IMPACT VELOCITY, measured in miles per hour. For my book I used 45 miles per hour. The impact velocity can be measured in different ways, the most common is using a black box

reader to get the information from the electronic brain of the car. My firm has such a reader and I believe we are the only firm in my area that has one and that uses it regularly. You need to know that the insurance companies use these black box readers on a daily basis so you need to have your own independent report because you can never trust the insurance companies. IMPACT DURATION This is the amount of time the impact lasted, and it shows again the force of the impact. This can be measured in different ways, again by the black box reader and by judging the depth of the impact on the surface being hit. For instance, if you back into a light pole in a parking lot going one or two miles per hour you won’t have much of a dent because as soon as you hear or feel the impact your instinct is to brake and stop. On the other hand, if the collision collapses a major structure in the car such as a B pillar in a T-bone and moves that B pillar into the crumple zone by two feet then your impact duration will be measured as two feet. That shows the force of the impact needed to bend the steel and frame by that distance. COLLISION DISTANCE. This is the amount of distance that the collision event traveled after the impact. So back to the parking lot example, the distance would be in inches. On the other hand, in our examples, we have a larger vehicle striking a smaller vehicle and dragging it all the way across the intersection a distance of about 50 feet. Every one of the collisions that we're going to talk about in this book are based on a Ford F 350 Super Duty colliding with a small economy car designed to hold 4 passengers, two in the front and two in the back. The reason I did this is because we see these types of accidents all the time in our office. The effects on our clients are very severe. Now. If you have a small car hitting a small car, of course the values will change. But I believe that the way the body reacts will be the same. So, with all that in mind, let me just kind of give a couple of explanations and we'll get started. In the formula that I've cited, body mass is the mass of the body for which the force is to be calculated. And you can express it in pounds or tons. I've done it in pounds. Again, this is based on the gross vehicle weight rating and here I chose the middle value, 12,000 pounds. I chose this value because the range of weight is 10,000 to 14,000 pounds. The next value is impact velocity, which is the velocity of the car the moment it first contacts the vehicle it strikes and that's expressed in miles per hour. So, impact velocity is how fast the car is moving when it hits you. And I express that in miles per hour. Here we are using the value of 45 miles per hour based on the truck accelerating trying to beat the yellow light before it turns red. Next, we look at the value termed Impact duration, which is the total time of the impact with a collision during which the two vehicles are in contact with one another. So, this could be a very short time and distance as in a simple fender bender, where one car runs into another, and the damage is a dent in the fender. And that instance impact duration would not be very long. On the other hand, and our examples that we've used now, is a large truck going at 45 miles an hour and hitting a small car. That much smaller car is going to be dragged a good distance across the

intersection. And finally, a very extreme example of this would be when an 18-Wheeler merges on top of a much smaller car and drags it down the expressway.

Finally, there is collision distance. Collision distance is how far the collusion went such as how deep is the crumpling of the sheet metal as a result of the force of the impact. It can be measured as the depth of a smashed fender, or a punch type impact into a door for instance, where it actually intrudes beyond the crumple zone and into the interior frame space of the vehicle. That is a direct traumatic impact that directly transfers force from the velocity and speed straight into the human body and these are the types of accidents that cause lifetime injuries to my clients. In the example that I use for this book. I have the Ford F 350 Super Duty, running a red light at 45 miles an hour and smashing into a small economy car. So that's what I used for the formulas here. Now let's say that this truck runs a red light doing 45 miles an hour and smashes into the side of the smaller car crumpling the passenger compartment to half the normal size and pushes it all the way across a 50-foot intersection before they come to a stop. The examples I'm giving here are severe accidents. They're not two cars backing out of parking spaces at the same time and then colliding. In the example that I just gave you, passengers were hit with a force of 1.204 meganewtons which equals 270,669 pounds of force. The average person has no idea how much force they have been hit with. And this mathematical calculation is how I came up with the title, 2+2 = I’M HURT. Now let's get into the book. Thanks for checking out the book. I hope you find it informative, and I hope you enjoy reading it. One last thought as you read the book. You will see that many times I use the same or similar language and images to describe the effects of the traumatic impact on the human body. I am doing this deliberately so that someone can flip to the type of impact that best describes what happened to them and see the full range of injuries without having to reference other parts of the book. I do go more in depth on certain injuries that are hard to spot at the end of the book for those who want to know more about the kinds of injuries that someone needs to be looking for in these types of collisions. Thanks much for checking out the book and if you see anything in the book that is in error or simply want to comment please email me at intake@calljmb.com. Everyone please take care and I hope to talk to everyone real soon! jmb

CHAPTER 1 THE REAR END COLLISION

In this chapter we will describe in detail the impact of a rear end collision with one meganewton force on the occupants of a unibody four door economy car with specificity regarding all four passengers, one in the driver's seat front, one in the passenger seat front rear driver's side and the rear passenger side. The rear end collision with a force of one meganewton is an extremely high and hard impact. The effects of such a collision on the occupants of a unibody or economy car would be severe. Here's a detailed breakdown for each occupant.

Driver’s Side Front Driver’s Seat:

Whiplash . The driver is likely to experience severe whiplash due to the sudden jolt from behind. The cervical spine would be subjected to a rapid back and forth motion, which could result in tearing of ligaments, muscles, and tendons in the neck. It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in these types of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape. When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

Head Impact. there is a high possibility of the driver’s head hitting the steering wheel or side window. Even with the deployment of airbags due to the sheer force of the impact. This could result in concussions, skull fractures or other head injuries. Here it's very important to understand what all can be injured by your head hitting the steering wheel or even hit full in the face with a deploying airbag.

This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Also, this type of impact either with a steering wheel or with a full-frontal impact of the airbag deployment can cause a condition called temporomandibular joint syndrome. Now let's talk a minute about what that is. Temporomandibular joint syndrome is an irregularity or inflammation or an injury to your temporomandibular joint.

I know what you're doing and you're thinking to yourself, John Michal Bailey, you didn't you didn't tell me anything. You're just spitting words back at me. Well, the temporomandibular joint is the hinge from which your jaw operates. It is the most used joint in the body. Think of how many times you open and close your mouth whether you're speaking or not. You use this joint when you yawn, eat, breathe, and smile. This is an extremely hard area of the body to heal. In fact, very few people ever recover from temporomandibular joint syndrome. And this is where you get the clicking in the jaw and a lot of times headaches that seem to start immediately in front of your ears and then radiate throughout the rest of your head. These are generally caused by temporomandibular joint injuries.

Seatbelt Injuries the driver’s torso would be abruptly restrained by the seatbelt, which could cause chest contusions or rib fractures.

Here we must be very careful and look for rotator cuff injuries because of the extreme force applied to the body. Now for the driver. The seat belts are going to come across the left shoulder, so we look for left shoulder injuries. However, with a severe enough impact, the body will twist around and the right shoulder can also come in contact with an airbag or even with a dash of an automobile. So sometimes we must look for rotator cuff injuries here bilaterally which means on both sides.

If we don't look for these injuries, people don't realize where the injuries come from. This is why we ask so many questions from our clients after the wreck, trying to figure out whether or not they've been injured in this way. Lower Limb Injuries Depending on the foot placement and there might be injuries to the legs, especially the knees due to the sudden forward motion against the car’s internal structures. Oftentimes we see our client’s knees bang against the lower part of the dashboard causing knee injuries and severe bone bruising. If there is any twisting to one side or another due to the impact,

we sometimes see the left hip striking the door of the automobile or the right hip striking the console that sits between the seats. Again, we must closely examine the type of wreck and from there determine what injuries might have been caused by the accident. This is one of the many reasons why we ask our clients to help us help them by sending us as many property damage photos as possible and getting an independent estimate on their car and getting their car on an alignment machine to see if it tracks straight or is warped. If it’s warped that’s usually a sign that there is frame damage to the car and our client might be entitled to additional money beyond repair known as a diminution in value claim.

Passenger Side Front Seat

Whiplash. Similarly, the front seat passenger is also prone to severe whiplash.

Because there is no steering wheel, oftentimes the airbag deployment is much more severe in impact to the human face if you're in the passenger seat. This is why often we see our clients’ suffering burns across the face from the impact of the airbag.

We humans in this type of bodily impact face the same injuries as far as brain bleeds and temporomandibular joint syndrome injuries need to be checked out as well.

Along with the severe hyper extension and hyperflexion on the neck, we again have ligament laxity issues. And we also have the need to check to make sure that we don't have any disk impingement. Because of the force of the impact. The disk impingement means that the disk has ruptured or has a herniation or has bulged and is pressing upon either the spinal cord or nerve which is where the facet joint which is where the nerve exits the spinal cord or is pressing upon the spinal cord itself.

Typically, in a cervical disc impingement case, you will notice that there will be numbness and tingling radiating through the shoulders down in the arms and down into the fingers. If you have that all the way down into the fingers that is generally a C -5 C-6 impingement issue. This is why we ask about the symptoms. Head Impact depending on the vehicle’s interior, the passengers head might hit the dashboard if there is no airbag deployment, the side window, or the glove compartment. This could result in concussions and other traumatic brain injuries. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Also, this type of impact either with a steering wheel or with a full frontal impact of the airbag deployment can cause a condition called temporomandibular joint syndrome. Now let's talk a minute about what that is. Temporomandibular joint syndrome is an irregularity or inflammation or an injury to your temporomandibular joint.

Seatbelt Injuries. The sudden deceleration and restraint might cause contusion, possible rib fractures, or other internal injuries with particularity. The issue of rotator cuff injury is reversed from the driver side to the passenger side. So, the first place we would look for a rotator cuff injury would be on the right shoulder and alternatively to the left shoulder that might strike something due to the extreme rotation caused by the impact, Which force is then transmitted to the passenger’s body. The sudden deceleration and restraint might cause contusions, possible rib fractures or other internal injuries due to the force of the human body being slammed into the restraining strap of the seatbelt system. If the airbag deploys injuries related to its rapid inflation, such as abrasions or burns, as well as possible brain injuries or temporomandibular joint injuries must be checked for as well.

Here we must be very careful and look for rotator cuff injuries because of the extreme force applied to the body. With a severe enough impact, the body will twist around, and the right shoulder can also come in contact with an airbag or even with a dash of an automobile. So sometimes we must look for rotator cuff injuries here bilaterally which means on both sides.

Rear Driver's Side: Whiplash : Backseat passengers are also suscepƟble to whiplash. The passengers are likely to experience severe whiplash due to the sudden jolt from behind. The cervical spine would be subjected to a rapid back and forth motion common which could result in tearing of ligaments, muscles, and tendons in the neck.

Head Impact: Depending on the vehicle's interior and the posiƟon of the occupant, there's a chance of the passenger's head hiƫng the side window or the back of the front seats leading to potenƟal head injuries. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Torso and Limb Injuries: Absence of a restraining device like an airbag in many economy cars means there's a greater risk of the passenger's body hiƫng the car's internal structures, causing injuries.

Rear Passenger's Side: Whiplash : As with the rear driver's side, whiplash is expected, there’s a chance of the passengers head hitting the side window or the back of the front seats leading to potential head injuries, including brain bleed temporomandibular joint syndrome and ligament laxity. I remind you that these are lifetime injuries.

Head Impact: The risk of head injuries remains, especially if the passenger's head collides with the car's window or the back of the front seats. It would be the same type of injury as the driver’s side rear passenger, however, just reversed. So, the right side of the body is propelled into the B pillar, the right side of the head being propelled into the glass. It would be the right- side shoulder and arm and hip that would be propelled into the door, or the B pillar and it would be the right side that would recoil back into the C pillar or the rear window glass.

Torso and Limb Injuries: As with the rear driver's side, the passenger's body might be hurled forward, resulƟng in potenƟal bruises, fractures, or other injuries.

Other Factors to Consider : Car's Crumple Zones: Modern economy cars have crumple zones designed to absorb and redistribute the impact. However, a 1 MN force is significantly high, so while the car's structure might reduce some impact, the force felt by the occupants would sƟll be considerable. Child Seats and Booster Seats: If any of the passengers are children, the type and posiƟoning of child restraints would play a criƟcal role in determining injury outcomes. If the passengers are in child seats or booster seats, the types of injuries are higher astronomically because even as strong and as safe as the car seats and booster seats are made today, we are still talking about injuries to a child who still has growth plates that are active, and the damage here is oftentimes damage that cannot be reversed.

Secondary Collisions: AŌer the iniƟal impact, there's a possibility of secondary collisions with other vehicles or objects, leading to addiƟonal injuries. In any case, an accident with such a force would necessitate immediate medical aƩenƟon for all occupants.

CHAPTER TWO FRONT END COLLISION

Now let’s look at the same collision only from the front. Here we will look at a head on collision again with the Ford F-350 Super Duty colliding with the small economy car carrying 4 passengers. Let’s see how this impact with the force of one Meganewton affects all the occupants of the car that is hit. Driver’s Seat Front: Whiplash: The abrupt deceleraƟon during a head-on collision could lead to severe whiplash, as the neck is jolted forward and then backward in a whip-like moƟon.

It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in this type of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape.

When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the

ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

Head Impact : Even with airbag deployment, the driver might sƟll have a significant head impact due to the force, which could hit the steering wheel or the windshield.

This might lead to concussions, traumaƟc brain injuries, or even skull fractures. It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in these types of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape. When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

You use this joint when you yawn, eat, breathe, and smile. This is an extremely hard area of the body to heal. In fact, very few people ever recover from temporomandibular joint syndrome. And this is where you get the clicking in the jaw and a lot of times headaches that seem to start immediately in front of your ears and then radiate throughout the rest of your head. These are generally caused by temporomandibular joint injuries.

Seatbelt Injuries : The seatbelt would arrest the forward moƟon of the driver's torso, potenƟally causing contusions, rib fractures, or internal injuries.

Lower Limb Injuries : Legs and knees might collide with the dashboard or other internal structures, leading to fractures or other traumaƟc injuries.

Passenger Seat (Front): Whiplash : Similarly, the front-seat passenger is also at risk for severe whiplash.

Typically, in a cervical disc impingement case, you will notice that there will be numbness and tingling radiating through the shoulders down in the arms and down into the fingers. If you have that all the way down into the fingers that is generally a C five C Six-disc impingement issue. This is why we ask about the symptoms. Head Impact: The passenger's head might hit the dashboard, windshield, or side window, potenƟally leading to similar injuries as the driver. The passenger’s head could collide directly with the A-pillar, the side window, or potenƟally even the windshield, leading to concussions, skull fractures, or more severe traumaƟc brain injuries. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but

when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Seatbelt Injuries: The deceleraƟon effect could result in injuries from the seatbelt's restraint on the passenger's chest and waist.

Airbag Injuries: While airbags are designed to save lives, their rapid inflaƟon can lead to abrasions, burns, or even more severe injuries, especially with such a high-force impact.

Rear Driver's Side: Whiplash : Backseat passengers are sƟll vulnerable to whiplash. There’s a chance of the passenger’s head hiƫng the side window or the back of the front seats leading to potenƟal head injuries, including brain bleed, temporomandibular joint syndrome, and ligament laxity. All of these are lifeƟme injuries.

It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in these types of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape. When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments. Head Impact : The passenger might experience head trauma from hiƫng the side window, back of the front seats, or even the roof, depending on the crash's dynamics. This could result in concussions, skull fractures or other head injuries. Here it's very important to understand what all can be injured by your head hitting the steering wheel or even hit full in the face with a deploying airbag.

Torso and Limb Injuries: Without the presence of front airbags, the body could be thrown forward with significant force, leading to a range of injuries from blunt force trauma. Depending on the foot placement and there might be injuries to the legs, especially the knees due to the sudden forward motion against the cars internal structures Oftentimes we see our client’s knees bang against the lower part of the dashboard causing knee injuries and severe bone bruising. If there is any twisting to one side or another due to the impact, we sometimes see the left hip striking the door of the automobile or the right hip striking the console that sits between the seats. Again, we must closely examine the type of wreck and from there determine what injuries might have been caused by the accident. This is one of the many reasons why we ask our clients to help us help them by sending us as many property damage photos as possible and getting an independent estimate on their car and getting their car on an alignment machine to see if it tracks straight or is warped. If it’s warped that’s usually a sign that there is frame damage to the car and

our client might be entitled to additional money beyond repair known as a diminution in value claim.

Rear Passenger's Side: Whiplash: Similar to the rear driver's side, whiplash is expected. There's a chance of the passenger’s head hiƫng the side window or the back of the front seats leading to potenƟal head injuries, including brain bleed temporomandibular joint syndrome and ligament laxity. All of these are lifeƟme injuries.

Head Impact: The risk of head injuries remains due to potenƟal impacts with the car's internal structures. This could result in concussions, skull fractures or other head injuries. Here it's very important to understand what all can be injured by your head hitting the steering wheel or even hit full in the face with a deploying airbag.

Torso and Limb Injuries: As with the rear driver's side, injuries from the passenger's body being thrown forward are likely. Depending on the foot placement and there might be injuries to the legs, especially the knees due to the sudden forward motion against the cars internal structures Oftentimes we see our client’s knees bang against the lower part of the dashboard causing knee injuries and severe bone bruising. If there is any twisting to one side or another due to the impact, we sometimes see the left hip striking the door of the automobile or the right hip striking the console that sits between the seats. Again, we must closely examine the type of wreck and from there determine what injuries might have been caused by the accident. This is one of the many reasons why we ask our clients to help us help them by sending us as many property damage photos as possible and getting an independent estimate on their car and getting their car on an alignment machine to see if it tracks straight or is warped. If it’s warped that’s usually a sign that there is frame damage to the car and our client might be entitled to additional money beyond repair known as a diminution in value claim.

Other Factors to Consider: Car's Crumple Zones: Modern cars are designed with crumple zones that help absorb and redistribute the impact. This design can help reduce the intensity of the force felt by occupants, but a 1 MN force is extremely high, and severe injuries are likely regardless. Child Seats and Booster Seats: If any of the passengers are children, the type and posiƟoning of child restraints could play a crucial role in the severity of injuries. If the passengers are in child seats or booster seats, the types of injuries are higher astronomically because even as strong and as safe as the car seats and booster seats are made today, we are still talking about injuries to a child who still has growth plates that are active, and the damage here is oftentimes damage that cannot be reversed. Secondary Collisions: AŌer the iniƟal impact, the vehicle could be redirected, leading to secondary collisions with other vehicles, objects, or rollovers. Given the magnitude of the force described, it's essenƟal to note that the outcomes would likely be devastaƟng, and immediate medical aƩenƟon would be required for all occupants. In many cases, the consequences of such a high-force impact could unfortunately be fatal.

CHAPTER THREE T BONE COLLISION DRIVERS SIDE B PILLAR

In this chapter we will describe in detail the impact of a T-bone collision on the driver’s side at the B pillar with 1 meganewton force on the occupants of a unibody 4 door economy car with specificity regarding all 4 passengers, one in the driver’s seat front, passenger seat front, rear drivers’ side rear passenger side. A T-bone (or side-impact) collision at the driver's side B-pillar with a force of 1 meganewton (MN) on a unibody 4-door economy car is a severe accident. The direct impact at the B-pillar means the car's side protecƟon would face its ulƟmate test, and the force magnitude suggests significant potenƟal for injuries. Here's the breakdown: Driver's Seat (Front): Direct Impact Trauma: The driver would bear the brunt of the collision, given the impact's locaƟon. The force could lead to mulƟple fractures, including rib, pelvis, and limb fractures. Internal injuries are also a major concern, especially to organs like the spleen, liver, and lungs.

Head Trauma: The driver's head might strike the window, the B-pillar itself, or even the steering wheel due to the lateral movement, leading to concussions, skull fractures, or other traumaƟc brain injuries. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Spinal Injuries: The lateral force could result in injuries to the spine, including potenƟal disc herniaƟons or vertebral fractures.

Lower Limb Injuries: The driver's legs could be crushed or pinned between the door and the central console, leading to potenƟal fractures or more severe traumaƟc injuries.

Passenger Seat (Front): Whiplash: Even though the impact is on the driver's side, the sudden lateral moƟon could result in whiplash injuries for the front-seat passenger. It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in these types of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape. When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

Head Impact: The head might be thrust towards the window or even the passenger's side B-pillar, leading to potenƟal concussions or more severe head trauma. This could result in

concussions, skull fractures or other head injuries. Here it's very important to understand what all can be injured by your head hitting the steering wheel or even hit full in the face with a deploying airbag.

Torso Injuries : The body's lateral moƟon might result in the torso hiƫng the door or center console, causing potenƟal rib fractures or internal injuries.

Leg and Arm Injuries: Limbs can be thrown or twisted in unexpected ways during a T-bone collision, leading to potenƟal fractures or sprains. Rear Driver's Side:

Direct Impact Trauma: Much like the driver, the rear driver's side passenger is at significant risk due to the direct impact locaƟon. MulƟple fractures, especially of the pelvis or ribs, are a concern. The risk of internal injuries remains high.

Head Trauma: The passenger's head might strike the window or the B-pillar, leading to potenƟal traumaƟc head injuries.

brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Spinal Injuries: Lateral forces increase the risk of injuries to the spine, potenƟally causing fractures or other damage.

Lower Limb Injuries: Legs could be crushed between the impacted door and the back of the front seat. Rear Passenger's Side: Whiplash : The jarring lateral force could result in whiplash injuries.

why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

Head Impact: There's sƟll a risk of the head hiƫng the side window or the rear passenger's side B-pillar. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches.

Torso and Limb Injuries: The abrupt lateral moƟon might lead to various injuries as the body collides with the car's internal structures.

Other Factors to Consider: Car's Side-Impact ProtecƟon : Modern economy cars oŌen come equipped with side-impact airbags. Their deployment can miƟgate some of the injuries, especially head trauma for front and rear occupants. Structural Integrity: The B-pillar is a structural element designed to withstand side impacts, but a 1 MN force is extreme. Significant intrusion into the passenger compartment is expected. Child Seats and Booster Seats: If children are involved, the type, posiƟoning, and integrity of child restraints can influence injury outcomes. If the passengers are in child seats or booster seats, the types of injuries are higher astronomically because even as strong and as safe as the car seats and booster seats are made today, we are still talking about injuries to a child who still has growth plates that are active, and the damage here is oftentimes damage that cannot be reversed. Secondary Collisions: AŌer the iniƟal T-bone collision, there might be secondary impacts with other vehicles, objects, or potenƟal rollovers. Given the force described, it's essenƟal to note that the outcomes would likely be devastaƟng for the driver and rear driver's side passenger especially, but also for the other occupants. Immediate medical aƩenƟon would be crucial for all involved.

CHAPTER FOUR T BONE COLLISION PASSENGER SIDE B PILLAR

In this chapter we will describe in detail the impact of a T-bone collision on the passenger side at the B pillar with 1 meganewton force on the occupants of a unibody 4 door economy car with specificity regarding all 4 passengers, one in the driver’s seat front, passenger seat front, rear drivers’ side rear passenger side. A T-bone (or side-impact) collision at the passenger's side B-pillar with a force of 1 meganewton (MN) on a unibody 4-door economy car is a severe and traumaƟc event. With the direct impact at the B-pillar on the passenger's side, the car's protecƟve structures would be tested extensively, and there is a high potenƟal for serious injuries. Here's a detailed analysis for each of the car's occupants: Driver's Seat (Front): Whiplash: The sudden lateral moƟon can cause whiplash injuries to the driver, as the neck is jerked sideways. It's really important here to understand that there is a thing that happens to our ligaments in these types of hyperflexion and hyperextension injuries, and it's called ligament laxity. And what that means is that the ligament is stretched out of its normal shape, and it never ever ever goes back to its regular shape. When this happens to us in a whiplash type injury, the ligament can no longer hold our head up like it should. As a result of that our muscles take over and try to hold the head up where the ligaments would do it before because that is taxing to our muscles. That's why we get aching necks and pain. That is constant because our muscles are working overtime, trying to take over the job of the now stretched ligaments.

Head Impact: Though on the opposite side of the collision, the driver's head might sƟll be thrust towards the window or driver's side B-pillar due to the lateral force, leading to potenƟal concussions or other head injuries. This can cause a brain bleed, which is extremely serious because the brain does not heal like other tissue heals. If there is a brain bleed, there is no place for the swelling of the blood to go. The body simply reabsorbs the blood but when that happens in the brain, it leaves hole in the brain like Swiss cheese. That's why there's often a loss of consciousness and for a lengthy period after the wreck, we have mental fogginess, forgetfulness, and headaches. Also, this type of impact either with a steering wheel or with a full-frontal impact of the airbag deployment can cause a condition called temporomandibular joint syndrome. Now let's talk a minute about what that is. Temporomandibular joint syndrome is an irregularity or inflammation or an injury to your temporomandibular joint.

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